Cladtertia
| Cladtertia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Microscopic image of Cladtertia collaboinventa. Scale bar is 0.2 mm. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Placozoa |
| Class: | Uniplacotomia |
| Order: | Hoilungea |
| Family: | Cladtertiidae Tessler et al., 2022 |
| Genus: | Cladtertia Tessler et al., 2022 |
| Type species | |
| Cladtertia collaboinventa Tessler et al., 2022
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| Other haplotypes | |
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Cladtertia is a genus of placozoan discovered in 2022, whose only currently described species is Cladtertia collaboinventa. However, the genus is known to contain several other species, awaiting a formal description. Its closest described relative is Hoilungia hongkongensis, with whom it forms the order Hoilungea. After Trichoplax, Hoilungia and Polyplacotomia, it is the fourth extant placozoan genus to be described.[1]
Etymology
[edit]The genus name comes from Ancient Greek kládos (clade) and Latin tertius (the third), referring to its specimens previously being assigned to placozoan Clade III in literature.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]The exact number of species in placozoan genera is uncertain, as it is not known whether all haplotypes correspond to distinct species.[3] Only one species of Cladtertia, C. collaboinventa (formerly haplotype H23), has been formally described, in 2022. Haplotype H6 was confirmed as a distinct species, although it wasn't described due to a lack of material from which to designate a type specimen.[4] Other haplotypes are known, such as Cladtertia H7, H8 and H16.[1] In a 2024 study, H6 was found to occupy a basal position in the genus compared to C. collaboinventa and H8, with the latter two sharing an inversion of the tRNA-Thr and tRNA-Lys region as a structural synapomorphy.[5]
Cladtertia is the only genus in the family Cladtertiidae, which is sister to Hoilungidae in the order Hoilungea. Cladtertiidae is distinguished by 3 uniquely present and 8 uniquely missing genes.[2] It corresponds to former placozoan Clade III, which was previously included in the genus Hoilungia.[6]
Range
[edit]Cladtertia H6 is known from Honolulu, Hawaii, where specimens were collected from water tables at the Kewalo Marine Laboratory.[7] Specimens of C. collaboinventa were found in a sea water aquarium in Germany, and their actual geographical origin is unknown.[4]
Reproduction
[edit]Uniquely among placozoans, sexual reproduction has been reported to occur in the placozoan clade identified with strain H8,[8][9] which was later found to belong to genus Cladtertia.[2] Intergenic recombination was observed, as well as other hallmarks of sexual reproduction such as sharing of alleles between heterozygous and homozygous individuals.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Tessler et al. 2022, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Tessler et al. 2022, p. 14.
- ^ Tessler et al. 2022, p. 10.
- ^ a b Tessler et al. 2022, p. 13.
- ^ Eitel, Michael; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Brenzinger, Bastian; Wörheide, Gert (April 2024). "Beauty in the beast – Placozoan biodiversity explored through molluscan predator genomics". Ecology and Evolution. 14 (4): e11220. Bibcode:2024EcoEv..1411220E. doi:10.1002/ece3.11220. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 11007570. PMID 38606341.
- ^ Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren R.; Varoqueaux, Frédérique; Daraspe, Jean; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray A.; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert (2018-07-31). Tyler-Smith, Chris (ed.). "Comparative genomics and the nature of placozoan species". PLOS Biology. 16 (7): e2005359. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005359. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6067683. PMID 30063702.
- ^ Laumer et al. 2018, p. 9.
- ^ Signorovitch, A.Y.; Dellaporta, S.L.; Buss, L.W. (2005). "Molecular signatures for sex in the Placozoa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (43): 15518–22. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10215518S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504031102. PMC 1266089. PMID 16230622.
- ^ Charlesworth, D. (2006). "Population genetics: Using recombination to detect sexual reproduction: The contrasting cases of Placozoa and C. elegans". Heredity. 96 (5): 341–342. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800809. PMID 16552431. S2CID 44333533.
Works cited
[edit]- Laumer, Christopher E.; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G.; Pearse, Vicki B.; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018-10-30). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.36278. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202. PMID 30373720.
- Tessler, Michael; Neumann, Johannes S.; Kamm, Kai; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Eshel, Gil; Narechania, Apurva; Burns, John A.; DeSalle, Rob; Schierwater, Bernd (2022-12-08). "Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 10. doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.1016357.
Further reading
[edit]- Najle, Sebastián R.; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Elek, Anamaria; Navarrete, Cristina; Cianferoni, Damiano; Chiva, Cristina; Cañas-Armenteros, Didac; Mallabiabarrena, Arrate; Kamm, Kai; Sabidó, Eduard; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Schierwater, Bernd; Serrano, Luis; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau (October 2023). "Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution". Cell. 186 (21): 4676–4693.e29. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.027. PMC 10580291. PMID 37729907.